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The scalp

The scalp

The scalp
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The scalp is the skin that covers the skull of the human being and that has hair.1 It is different from the other skins for the reason that under this skin there is a very vascularized structure, formed by a huge branching of blood vessels and that It is responsible for the large hemorrhages that cause the wounds that occur here.

This fine, fragile and highly vascularized tissue is called aponeurotic galea. The wounds in this place must necessarily be sutured to avoid bruising.

The outermost of its five layers is in which dandruff occurs.

Anatomy

The scalp is made up of skin (usually, with hair) and subcutaneous tissue. It covers the shell from the upper nuchal lines of the occipital bone to the supraorbital edges of the frontal bone. The scalp extends laterally over the temporal facia to the zygomatic arches. Anatomically, the scalp is considered a unique structure, independent of the skin. It is formed by four layers that are:

Skin: the thickness of the epidermis and dermis varies between 3 and 8 mm.
Epicranium and aponeurotic galea: the occipal and frontal muscles are connected at the vertex of the skull by the so-called aponeurotic galea, which constitutes the strongest and strongest scalp blade and is also responsible for the low possibility of distension.
Subepicranium (subgaleal plane or Merkel space): It is the space between the galea and the epicranium occupied by a thin and straight tissue with few blood vessels. Its laxity allows the mobility of the upper layers.
Pericranial: It is the deep stratum, intimately adhered to the outer table of the skull.

Hair

It is a keratinized filament that emerges from the hair follicle. It is formed by dead cells due to the formation of keratin. Its growth is due to the rapid production of cells inside the matrix. All skin is hairy, except that of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
Hair follicle
Main article: Hair follicle

It is an epidermal bag, at the base of which is the bulb, likewise at the base is the papilla. This follicle has two layers, epidermal and dermal, the same that is well vascularized and innervated. Also in the neck of the hair follicle the hair muscle of the scalp is inserted whose function is to raise the hair.
Irrigation

The main circulation is based on the external carotid artery through three branches.

Superficial temporal artery
Occipital artery
Posterior atrial artery.

The frontal area of ​​the scalp is irrigated by two other arteries, dependent on the internal carotid that are the supratrochlear artery, and supraorbital.

The venous irrigation that accompanies the arterial roots empties into the external jugular, and the frontal and supraorbital veins drain into the ophthalmic veins and then into the cavernous sinus.

The frontal sensory innervation, 2 is provided by the branches of the internal frontal nerve and two branches of the supraorbital nerve that come from the ophthalmic middle nerve, trigeminal branch. The malar nerve innervates the temporal zone by the temporal zygomatic branch, also of the trigeminal. The trigeminal branch auriculotemporal nerve innervates the parietal zone.Finally there is the major occipital nerve that is the posterior root of the second Cervical root of the brachial plexus that provides the motor innervation of the deep neck and sensory muscles over the area occipital. The latter gives rise to the well-known Arnold neuralgia. All nerves of the scalp go through the dense area of ​​the superficial facia, between the shell and the overlying teguments.

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Hair

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Hair

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The hair  is a continuation of the scalp, formed by a fiber of keratin and consisting of a root and a stem. It forms in a follicle of the dermis, and is the characteristic feature of thin or thin skin. The difference between the keratin of the stratum corneum and the keratin of the hair is that in the hair the cells are always joined with others, giving rise to a very hard keratin. Each of the hairs consists of a root. It is a hair follicle and on a stem that projects upwards above the surface of the epidermis. The root enlarges in its base. The papillary zone or dermal papilla is composed of connective tissue and blood vessels, which provides the hair with the substances necessary for its growth.

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This is distributed over almost the entire body surface, except when the palmoplantar surfaces, navel and mucous membranes. In an adult, the approximate number of films is about five million, distributed unevenly throughout the body. In the head there are around a million, being between 100,000 and 150,000 in the scalp. The hair of the head maintains the corporal heat of this and offers a high level of protection against shock. The eyelashes protect the eyes that diminish the quantity of light and the dust that can penetrate in these; and the eyebrows protect the eyes from the sweat that can drip down the forehead.

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This is constituted by keratin (fibrous protein), which contains a high amount of quantity within which is the amino acid that has a sulfur atom. “Keratin chains are arranged in parallel”, 1 of which are held together by three types of links:

Bridges Disulfide
Hydrogen bonds
Saline bridges between an acid and a base
Water has the capacity to break the temporary path of salt bridges and hydrogen bridges.

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